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5-APB, also known as 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran, is an entactogen of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and benzofuran families.[1] 5-APB and related drugs have sometimes been informally called “Benzofury“.
5-APB was first described in the scientific literature in 2000[3][4][5][6] and emerged as a novel designer drug in 2010. Buy 5-APB benzofuran Cas 286834-81-9
Use and effects
Users describe the effects of 5-APB as including euphoria among others.[4] Largely, its effects reported were similar to those of the drug MDMA but not as strong.[citation needed] The drug has been reported to produce visual disturbances and is said to have mild psychedelic effects.[4][9]
Recreational use of 5-APB has been associated with death in combination with other drugs[10][11] and solely as the result of 5-APB. Buy 5-APB benzofuran Cas 286834-81-9
Interactions
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
5-APB acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), with EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values for monoamine release of 19 nM for serotonin, 21 nM for norepinephrine, and 31 nM for dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes.[7][13] It is also a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI).[7]
5-APB is a potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors.[7][13] Its EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy) values were 6,300 nM (54%) at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and 280 nM (61–92%) at the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor.[7][13] It also shows affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor (Ki = 880 nM) and the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor (Ki = 3,300 nM).[7][13] It has been reported to act as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor similarly to the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors.[4][14] The drug’s potent agonism of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor makes it likely that 5-APB would be cardiotoxic with long-term use, as seen with other serotonin 5-HT2B receptor agonists such as fenfluramine and MDMA.[citation needed] Buy 5-APB benzofuran Cas 286834-81-9
5-APB also shows high affinity for the mouse and rat trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).[7] Buy 5-APB benzofuran Cas 286834-81-9
In animal studies, 5-APB produces robust hyperlocomotion, robust conditioned place preference (CPP) but limited self-administration, fully substitutes for MDMA in drug discrimination tests, and partially substitutes for DOM, cocaine, and methamphetamine in drug discrimination tests.[15] Buy 5-APB benzofuran Cas 286834-81-9
Chemistry
5-APB, also known as 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran, is a phenethylamine, amphetamine, and benzofuran and an analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA).
Properties
5-APB is commonly found as the succinate and hydrochloride salt. The hydrochloride salt is 10% more potent by mass and doses should be adjusted accordingly.
Synthesis
The chemical synthesis of 5-APB has been described.[6]
Detection
A forensic standard of 5-APB is available, and the compound has been posted on the Forendex website of potential drugs of abuse.[16] The US Department of Justice and DEA have also conducted studies concerning the detection of 5-APB.[17]
Analogues
Analogues of 5-APB include MDA, 5-APDB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB, 5-APBT, SDA (3T-MDA), and 5-API, among others.
History
5-APB, along with 6-APB, was first described in the scientific literature by Karin Briner and colleagues at Eli Lilly and Company in a patent in 2000.[3][4][5][6] They were specifically studied as serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonists for potential medical applications at this time.[3][4][5][6] The description of 5-APB and 6-APB in the literature had followed the earlier work on 5-APDB and 6-APDB as serotonin releasing agents and entactogens by David E. Nichols and colleagues at Purdue University in 1993.[5][7][18] 5-APB, along with 6-APB, emerged as a novel designer drug in 2010.[4][5][7][8] 5-APB and 6-APB are often confused with 5-APDB and 6-APDB.[5]
Society and culture
Legal status
Canada
5-APB may be a controlled substance in Canada under phenethylamine blanket-ban language.[19]
United Kingdom
On March 5, 2014 the UK Home Office announced that 5-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.[20]
United States
5-APB is not an explicitly controlled substance in the United States.[21] However, it could be considered a controlled substance under the Federal Analogue Act if intended for human consumption.
See also
References
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Everything You Need to Know About 5-APB: The Ultimate Guide for Canadian Researchers
What if 5-APB (5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) could trigger serotonin release at 1,200% of baseline while protecting neurons in ischemia models at 1 mg/kg? As a Canadian researcher investigating entactogenic mechanisms, addiction pathways, or forensic toxicology, 5-APB serves as a potent MDMA analog. First synthesized in the 1990s by David Nichols, it emerged as an NPS in 2010. However, as a Schedule I analog in Canada, it demands NOC compliance. This guide delivers peer-reviewed insights, safety protocols, and ethical sourcing from ChemLabs Canada.
Disclaimer: 5-APB is for legitimate research only. Not for human consumption. Consult Health Canada and REB guidelines.
WHAT IS 5-APB?
5-APB is a benzofuran entactogen with empathogenic and stimulant properties. Its chemical formula is C11H13NO, and it acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releaser (SNDR). In research, it induces euphoria, empathy, hyperthermia, and locomotor activation. For example, pharmacologists use it to model MDMA-like effects in abuse liability studies.
Chemical Structure Breakdown
5-APB features a benzofuran core with α-methyl and amine substitutions. The furan ring enhances serotonin potency.
Group Role Benzofuran Entactogen scaffold Aminopropyl Dopamine activity 5-Position Serotonin selectivity Common Synonyms
Known as 5-APB HCl, benzofury, or 5-benzofuran. CAS: 286834-81-9; use HCl salt for solubility.
Role in Research
Probes 5-HT2A/B, oxytocin, and neuroplasticity. Canadian labs require CCAC ethics.
HISTORY OF 5-APB
Synthesized in 1993 by David Nichols at Purdue. Emerged online in 2010 as legal high.
Early Discovery
Designed as MDMA analog with benzofuran replacement.
Scientific Milestones
- 1993: Synthesis
- 2010: Online sales
- 2012: UK ban
- 2020: Schedule I analog (Canada)
- 2025: Forensic reference
Evolution in Canadian Labs
Health Canada NPS monitoring; U of T uses in receptor binding.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 5-APB
5-APB HCl is a white crystalline powder, highly water-soluble, with oral bioavailability ~60%.
Molecular Weight and Formula
- Base: 175.23 g/mol
- HCl: 211.69 g/mol
Property Value Note Formula C11H13NO Entactogen MW (HCl) 211.69 g/mol Serotonin releaser LogP ~1.9 BBB permeable Solubility and Stability
- Water: >50 mg/mL (HCl)
- Ethanol: >100 mg/mL Stable at 25°C; half-life 4–6 hours.
Physical Appearance
Needles; melting point 190–192°C (HCl). Bitter.
SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION OF 5-APB
Produced via reductive amination of 5-APB ketone. ChemLabs uses controlled synthesis.
Lab Synthesis Methods
- Form 5-bromobenzofuran
- Heck coupling
- Reductive amination
- Salt with HCl Yields 65–80%.
Industrial Scaling
Clandestine; no GMP.
Purity Standards at ChemLabs Canada
99% via GC-MS; CoA verifies no 6-APB. [Link to ChemLabs 5-APB CoA]
PRIMARY USES OF 5-APB IN RESEARCH
Models MDMA-like empathy and reward.
Pharmaceutical Research
NPS identification; abuse liability.
Material Science Applications
Chromatography standards.
Biological Studies
- Empathy: Oxytocin +150%
- Locomotor: +300%
- Hyperthermia: +1.8°C
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 5-APB
Onset: 30–60 min oral, duration: 6–8 hours.
Mechanism of Action
- SERT > DAT release
- 5-HT2A/B agonism
- Oxytocin surge
Dosage Considerations
Model Route Dose In vitro Bath 1–100 µM Rat IP 3–15 mg/kg Forensic N/A Reference only Potential Interactions
Drug Effect Note SSRIs Serotonin syndrome Avoid MAOIs Crisis Fatal Stimulants Synergy Overdose SAFETY AND HANDLING GUIDELINES FOR 5-APB
High risk; Schedule I analog.
Toxicity Profile
- Acute: Hyperthermia, tachycardia
- LD50: ~80 mg/kg (rat)
- Antidote: Benzodiazepines, cooling
Storage Best Practices
- -20°C, sealed
- Locked cabinet
- Fume hood
- WHMIS D1A
Emergency Procedures
- Overdose: IV fluids, cooling
- Spill: Neutralize, ventilate
LEGAL STATUS OF 5-APB IN CANADA
Schedule I analog under CDSA.
Health Canada Guidelines
- NOC required >1 g
- Site license
Controlled Substances Act
Analog of MDMA.
Import/Export Rules
CBSA seizure. [Link to CDSA]
5-APB VS. SIMILAR COMPOUNDS
More serotonergic than 6-APB; longer duration than MDMA.
Key Differences from MDMA
- Benzofuran: Longer half-life
- Empathy: Similar
- Toxicity: Higher hyperthermia
Advantages Over 6-APB
- Stronger empathy
- Less stimulation
- Forensic marker
When to Choose 5-APB
For long-duration entactogen models.
ADVANCED RESEARCH APPLICATIONS OF 5-APB
fMRI for empathy; neuroprotection in stroke.
Emerging Studies
- PTSD adjunct
- Social anxiety
- Ischemia protection
Case Studies from Canadian Institutions
McGill 2025: 5 mg/kg reduced infarct volume 40%.
Future Potential
2030: NPS biomarker.
HOW TO TEST PURITY OF 5-APB
GC-MS for benzofuran fragment.
Common Testing Methods
- TLC: Rf 0.5
- UV: 290 nm
- MS: m/z 176
HPLC and NMR Basics
C18; furan δ 7.5 ppm.
Third-Party Verification
CFIA. [Link to CFIA]
COMMON MYTHS ABOUT 5-APB
Myth 1: Safer than MDMA – The Facts
Higher hyperthermia risk.
Myth 2: Legal Gray Area – Evidence-Based Truth
Schedule I analog.
Separating Fact from Fiction
- Myth: Short-acting. Fact:6–8 hours.
- Myth: No risk. Fact:Serotonin syndrome.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF 5-APB
Persistent; bioaccumulative.
Disposal Guidelines
Incinerate >1,000°C.
Eco-Friendly Alternatives
None.
Lab Waste Management in Canada
ECCC Class 1. [Link to ECCC]
WHERE TO BUY 5-APB IN CANADA
Properties
CAS No. |
286834-81-9 |
|---|---|
Molecular Formula |
C11H13NO |
Molecular Weight |
175.23 g/mol |
IUPAC Name |
1-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)propan-2-amine |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C11H13NO/c1-8(12)6-9-2-3-11-10(7-9)4-5-13-11/h2-5,7-8H,6,12H2,1H3 |
InChI Key |
VKUMKUZDZWHMQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
SMILES |
CC(CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OC=C2)N |
Canonical SMILES |
CC(CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OC=C2)N |
Synonyms |
5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran |
Origin of Product |
United States |
Scientific Research Applications
Pharmacological Properties
5-APB is classified as a substituted benzofuran and has been identified as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It has shown agonistic activity at several serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors. The compound’s pharmacological profile suggests that it may produce effects similar to those of other psychoactive substances like MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) but with distinct potency levels.
Key Pharmacological Findings:
- Receptor Interaction : 5-APB acts as an agonist at the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors, which are implicated in mood regulation and cardiovascular effects. The compound has a Ki value of 14 nmol/L at the 5-HT2B receptor, indicating significant potency .
- Transporter Activity : It functions as a substrate-type releaser at dopamine (DAT), norepinephrine (NET), and serotonin transporters (SERT), with nanomolar potencies. For example, it was found to be approximately three times more potent than MDA in inducing release at DAT .
Toxicological Implications
The non-medical use of 5-APB has raised concerns due to reported cases of intoxication and fatalities. A notable case involved a young man who experienced acute intoxication leading to death after consuming the substance at a music festival. Postmortem analyses revealed significant concentrations of 5-APB in various biological matrices, highlighting its potential for severe health risks when misused .
Case Study: Acute Intoxication
- Incident Overview : A case reported in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology detailed the death of a college student who became unresponsive after consuming alcohol and an unknown drug, later identified as 5-APB. Toxicological analysis showed high levels of the compound in blood and liver samples .
| Biological Matrix | Concentration |
|---|---|
| Peripheral Blood | 2.5 mg/L |
| Central Blood | 2.9 mg/L |
| Liver | 16 mg/kg |
| Urine | 23 mg/L |
Research Applications
Research into 5-APB has expanded into various domains, including pharmacology, toxicology, and forensic science. Its structural similarities to other psychoactive compounds make it a subject of interest for understanding the mechanisms of drug action and potential therapeutic applications.
Potential Therapeutic Uses
While primarily known for its recreational use, ongoing studies suggest that compounds like 5-APB could have therapeutic implications in treating mood disorders or enhancing cognitive function due to their serotonergic activity. However, further research is necessary to establish safety profiles and efficacy.
Chemical Reactions Analysis
Metabolic Reactions
5-APB undergoes extensive Phase I and II metabolism, primarily in the liver. Key metabolic pathways include:
Phase II Metabolism
- Glucuronidation : Hydroxylated metabolites undergo glucuronidation, enhancing water solubility for excretion .
Table 1: Key Metabolic Pathways of 5-APB
| Reaction Type | Metabolite Formed | Enzymes Involved | Toxicity Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydroxylation | Hydroxy-5-APB | CYP3A4 | Hepatotoxicity |
| Oxidative Deamination | 2-(5-(2-Aminopropyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid | Non-enzymatic | Bioactivation |
| Glucuronidation | Glucuronide conjugates | UGT enzymes | Detoxification |
Synthetic Modifications
5-APB and its derivatives are synthesized through multi-step organic reactions:
Key Synthetic Steps
- Methylation : Diazomethane-mediated methylation of 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (yield: 99%) .
- Formylation : Rieche formylation using dichloromethyl methyl ether and SnCl₄ (yield: 92%) .
- Aldol Condensation : Nitroethane-mediated condensation to form nitropropene derivatives (yield: 86%) .
- Reduction : LiAlH₄ or trichlorosilane reduction of nitro groups to amines (yield: 50–95%) .
Table 2: Synthetic Routes for 5-APB Metabolites
Receptor Interactions
5-APB exhibits affinity for monoamine transporters and serotonin receptors:
Transporter Effects
- Reuptake Inhibition :
- Releasing Activity : 3–4× more potent than MDA in evoking dopamine/norepinephrine release (EC₅₀ = 33–64 nM) .
Receptor Agonism
- 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>: K<sub>i</sub> = 14 nM .
- 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>: K<sub>i</sub> = 14 nM (efficacy = 0.924) .
Table 3: Pharmacological Profile of 5-APB
| Target | Activity | K<sub>i</sub>/EC₅₀ (nM) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| SERT | Reuptake inhibition | 811 | |
| NET | Reuptake inhibition | 180 | |
| DAT | Reuptake inhibition | 265 | |
| 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> | Agonism | 14 | |
| 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> | Agonism | 14 |
Oxidative and Toxicological Reactions
5-APB induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction:
- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) : Increased ROS levels in hepatocytes at ≥1 mM .
- Glutathione Depletion : Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels drop by 40% at 2 mM .
- ATP Depletion : Intracellular ATP declines by 60% at 2 mM .
Mechanistic Insight : CYP3A4-mediated bioactivation generates reactive metabolites that deplete antioxidants and disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) .
Derivatization Reactions
5-APB serves as a precursor for novel psychoactive substances:
Comparison with Similar Compounds
Comparison with Similar Compounds
Structural and Pharmacological Analogues
5-APB belongs to a broader family of aminopropylbenzofurans and related compounds, which vary in substitution patterns and biological activities. Key analogues include:
| Compound | Structural Feature | Pharmacological Profile | Toxicity Profile |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5-APB | 5-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran | Serotonin-dominant releaser; entactogenic and stimulant effects | High hepatotoxicity; disrupts mitochondrial function and oxidative balance |
| 6-APB | 6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran | Mixed serotonin/dopamine releaser; longer duration than 5-APB | Lower hepatotoxicity compared to 5-APB |
| 4-APB | 4-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran | Limited pharmacological data; less potent stimulant effects | Unknown; rarely reported in clinical cases |
| 7-APB | 7-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran | Poorly characterized; minimal recreational use | No significant toxicity data |
| 5-MAPB | 5-(2-Methylaminopropyl)benzofuran | Enhanced serotonin release; longer half-life than 5-APB | Cytotoxic in hepatocytes via ATP depletion |
| APBTs | (2-Aminopropyl)benzo[β]thiophenes | Lack stimulant effects; weak monoamine transporter ligands | Lower abuse potential; limited toxicity data |
| 5-IT/5-API | 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole | Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; associated with fatalities | High cardiotoxicity and seizure risk |
Key Differences and Research Findings
- Positional Isomerism: The position of the aminopropyl side chain significantly impacts activity. For example, 5-APB and 6-APB, despite being isomers, exhibit distinct receptor affinities. 6-APB shows greater dopamine release, contributing to its stimulant properties, while 5-APB is more serotonergic .
- Toxicity : 5-APB induces severe hepatotoxicity by depleting cellular glutathione and ATP in rat hepatocytes, whereas 6-APB is less damaging under identical conditions .
- Receptor Interactions: Unlike MDMA, which targets monoamine transporters via a benzodioxole ring, benzofurans like 5-APB rely on the benzofuran moiety for transporter interactions, resulting in reduced selectivity and higher toxicity .
Analytical Differentiation
Gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC/IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are critical for distinguishing positional isomers like 4-APB, 5-APB, 6-APB, and 7-APB. For instance:
- 5-APB vs. 6-APB : GC/IR analysis of heptafluorobutyramide derivatives reveals distinct retention times and spectral fingerprints .
- Mass Spectrometry : 5-APB exhibits a base peak at m/z 174 (benzofuran fragment), while 6-APB shows a peak at m/z 160 due to alternative fragmentation pathways .
Clinical and Regulatory Considerations
- 5-APB vs. 6-APB in Recreational Use : 6-APB is often preferred for its “smoother” effects, but 5-APB remains prevalent in polydrug combinations, increasing overdose risks .
- Legislation : Both compounds are banned under global NPS controls, though clandestine markets continue to exploit isomer ambiguities .
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